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1 The Body What is anatomy? How can gross anatomy be studied? Important anatomical terms Imaging Diagnostic imaging techniques Image interpretation Plain radiography Ultrasound Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Nuclear medicine imaging Positron emission tomography Image interpretation Safety in imaging Body systems Skeletal system Cartilage Bone Joints Skin and fascias Skin Fascia Muscular system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks and ducts Nervous system Central nervous system Functional subdivisions of the CNS Other systems 2 Back Regional anatomy Skeletal framework Vertebrae Intervertebral foramina Posterior spaces between vertebral arches Curvatures of vertebral column Joints Joints between vertebrae in the back Ligaments Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments Ligamenta flava Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae Interspinous ligaments Back musculature Superficial group of back muscles Intermediate group of back muscles Deep group of back muscles Thoracolumbar fascia Spinal cord Vasculature Meninges Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal Spinal nerves 3 Thorax Regional anatomy Pectoral region Breast Muscles of the pectoral region Thoracic wall Superior thoracic aperture Inferior thoracic aperture Skeletal framework Intercostal spaces Diaphragm Venous drainage Innervation Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing Pleural cavities Pleura Lungs Mediastinum Middle mediastinum Superior mediastinum Posterior mediastinum Anterior mediastinum 4 Abdomen Regional anatomy Surface topography Four-quadrant pattern Nine-region pattern Abdominal wall Superficial fascia Anterolateral muscles Extraperitoneal fascia Peritoneum Innervation Arterial supply and venous drainage Lymphatic drainage Groin Inguinal canal Abdominal viscera Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Organs Arterial supply to the gastrointestinal tract Venous drainage Lymphatics Innervation Posterior abdominal region Posterior abdominal wall Viscera Vasculature Lymphatic system Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves 5 Pelvis and Perineum Regional anatomy Pelvis Bones Joints Orientation Gender differences True pelvis Viscera Fascia Peritoneum Nerves Blood vessels Lymphatics Perineum Borders and ceiling Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses Anal triangle Urogenital triangle Somatic nerves Visceral nerves Blood vessels Veins Lymphatics 6 Lower Limb Regional anatomy The Hip Bony pelvis Proximal femur Hip joint Gateways to the lower limb Nerves Arteries Veins Lymphatics Deep fascia and the saphenous opening Femoral triangle Gluteal region Muscles Nerves Arteries Veins Lymphatics Thigh Bones Muscles Arteries Veins Nerves Knee joint Tibiofibular joint Popliteal fossa Leg Bones Joints Posterior compartment of leg Lateral compartment of leg Anterior compartment of leg Foot Bones Joints Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major structures at the ankle Arches of the foot Plantar aponeurosis Fibrous sheaths of toes Extensor hoods Intrinsic muscles Arteries Veins Nerves 7 Upper Limb Regional anatomy Shoulder Bones Joints Muscles Posterior scapular region Gateways to the posterior scapular region Nerves Arteries and veins Axilla Axillary inlet Anterior wall Medial wall Lateral wall Posterior wall Gateways in the posterior wall Floor Contents of the axilla Arm Bones Muscles Nerves Arteries and veins Elbow joint Cubital fossa Forearm Bones Joints Anterior compartment of the forearm Muscles Arteries and veins Nerves Posterior compartment of forearm Muscles Arteries and veins Nerves Hand Bones Joints Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist Palmar aponeurosis Anatomical snuffbox Fibrous digital sheaths Extensor hoods Muscles Arteries and veins Nerves 8 Head and Neck Regional anatomy Head Neck Skull Anterior view Lateral view Posterior view Superior view Inferior view Cranial cavity Roof Floor Meninges Cranial dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Meningeal spaces Brain and its blood supply Brain Blood supply Venous drainage Cranial nerves Olfactory nerve [I] Optic nerve [II] Oculomotor nerve [III] Trochlear nerve [IV] Trigeminal nerve [V] Ophthalmic nerve [V1] Maxillary nerve [V2] Mandibular nerve [V3] Abducent nerve [VI] Facial nerve [VII] Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] Vagus nerve [X] Accessory nerve [XI] Hypoglossal nerve [XII] Face Muscles Parotid gland Innervation Vessels Scalp Layers Innervation Vessels Lymphatic drainage Orbit Bony orbit Eyelids Lacrimal apparatus Sensory innervation Fissures and foramina Fascial specializations Muscles Vessels Innervation Eyeball Ear External ear Middle ear Internal ear Temporal and infratemporal fossae Bony framework Temporomandibular joints Masseter muscle Temporal fossa Infratemporal fossa Pterygopalatine fossa Skeletal framework Gateways Contents Neck Fascia Superficial venous drainage Anterior triangle of the neck Posterior triangle of the neck Root of the neck Pharynx Skeletal framework Pharyngeal wall Fascia Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Tonsils Vessels Nerves Larynx Laryngeal cartilages Extrinsic ligaments Intrinsic ligaments Laryngeal joints Cavity of the larynx Intrinsic muscles Function of the larynx Vessels Nerves Nasal cavities Lateral wall Regions Skeletal framework External nose Paranasal sinuses Walls, floor, and roof Choanae Gateways Vessels Innervation Oral cavity Skeletal framework Walls: the cheeks Floor Salivary glands Roof-palate Oral fissure and lips Oropharyngeal isthmus Teeth and gingivae

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